The model shows that constraints, negotiations and benefits can be experienced simultaneously, at different points in a woman’s adventure tourism journey and used as a vehicle for empowerment. A conceptual model is presented that illustrates the opportunities for women’s empowerment within these categories and examines the interrelationships and interdependency between them. Using content analysis to review the literature on women’s adventure experiences in tourism and recreation settings reveals prominent themes that have been consolidated to propose constraint, negotiation and benefit categories. This conceptual paper seeks to extend our understanding of female adventure tourists by examining the empowering journey women can take through constraint negotiation to enjoy the benefits of adventure tourism. Women’s participation in adventure tourism is growing, yet few studies have explored this group of tourists. It particularly highlights the importance of nature reserves, as focal wildlife attractions, and implies the need for a strategic approach to wildlife destination development and management in order to reap the potential economic benefits whilst preventing disturbance to focal species and/or habitats. It reveals an independent wildlife tourism market that combine an interest in wildlife watching with other traditional holiday pursuits such as walking and sightseeing. This paper presents research on the British wildlife tourist and the implications for destination marketers and managers. This fast growth has not just been in terms of numbers of tourists, but also the tourism businesses and NGOs who provide access to wildlife watching opportunities. Yet it is well documented that there has been incremental growth over the last ten years in the range and volume of wildlife tourism worldwide. Non-consumptive wildlife tourism can be an under-appreciated facet of a country’s domestic tourism portfolio.
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